State Organs and Their Rule Making Powers Under The New Constitution Of The Rebuplic Of Turkey

CONTENTS

Abbreviations................................................................ IX

Bibliography.................................................................. XI

INTRODUCTION

STATE ORGANS and 

SEPARATION of FUNCTIONS

I.    AN OVERVIEW...................................................... 1

II. ORGANISATION OF THE TURKISH STATE.. 9

§ 1 - THE LEGISLATIVE ORGAN / 

THE LEGISLATURE

I.    THE INSTITUTION.............................................. 12

II. FORMATION OF THE LEGISLATURE.......... 18    

III. STATUS OF THE MEMBERS OF 

      PARLIAMENT...................................................... 20

      1. The Nature and Characteristic of the

          Representative Competency................................. 20

      2.     Immunities Enjoyed by the Members

          of Parliament......................................................... 21

          a.       Freedom of Speech - Parliamentary

              Immunity.......................................................... 22

          b. Immunity From Arrest - Legislative

              Immunity.......................................................... 23

IV. POWERS and DUTIES......................................... 24

      1. Making Acts......................................................... 24

      2. Terminating the Term of Office

          of the President..................................................... 32

V. RULE MAKING PROCEDURE.......................... 36

      1. Sessions  .............................................................. 36

      2.     Submission of Bills........................................... 37

      3.     The Quorums.................................................... 37

VI. THE INTERNAL PROCEDURE........................ 38

§ 2 - THE EXECUTIVE ORGAN

I.    THE INSTITUTION.............................................. 40 

II.  DIFFERENT ORGANISATIONAL MODELS. 43

      1. The Unitary Type.................................................. 43

      2.     The Collegial Type............................................ 44

      3.     The Dualist Type............................................... 45

III. THE EXECUTIVE ORGAN UNDER 

      TURKISH CONSTITUTION............................... 45 

      1.     An Overview of the System............................. 45

      2. The President of the Republic of Turkey.............. 50

          a. Election of the President.................................. 50

          b. Organisational Powers of the President............ 51

          c. Rule Making Powers of the President.............. 57

              aa.  Presidential Decree..................................... 57

              bb. Presidential By-Law................................... 64

              cc. Indirect Power of the President

                    on the Drafting of the Acts........................ 66

          d. Penal Responsibility of the President............... 67

      3.     Vice-Presidents................................................. 72

      4.     The Ministerial Organisations........................... 75

§ 3 -  THE JUDICIAL ORGAN / 

THE JUDICIARY

I.    THE INSTITUTION.............................................. 79

II. STATUS OF THE JUDGES................................. 81

      1.     Independence of the Judges............................. 81

      2.     Security of Tenure............................................ 83

III. ORGANISATION of the JUDICIAL ORGAN... 83

      1. Courts of General Jurisdiction.............................. 84

          a. The Courts of First Instance /

              The Local Courts.............................................. 85

          b. The Regional Courts......................................... 86

          c. The Court of Appeal......................................... 87

      2. Administrative Courts........................................... 88

          a. The Courts of First Instance /

              The Administrative Courts............................... 89

          b. The Regional Courts......................................... 90

          c. The Council of State......................................... 91 

          d. Administrative Actions..................................... 94

              aa.  Claims Actions............................................ 94 

              bb. Annulment Actions..................................... 94

      3. Court of Jurisdictional Disputes........................... 95

      4. Court of Constitution........................................... 96

          a. In General......................................................... 96

          b. Duties and Powers............................................ 97

          c. Judicial Review by the Constitutional Court.. 100

              aa.  Introduction.............................................. 100

              bb. Subject and Scope of the Judicial

                    Review ..................................................... 105

                    i.    Amendments to the Constitution........ 105

                    ii.   Acts..................................................... 106

                    iii. Presidential Decrees............................ 107

                    iv. House Regulation of the TGNA......... 108

              cc. Categories of Judicial Review................... 108

                    i.    Judicial Review Related to

                          Substance............................................ 108

                    ii.   Judicial Review Related to

                          Procedure............................................ 112

              dd. Methods/Means of Judicial Review......... 116

                    i.    Action for Annulment - Direct

                          Action................................................. 116

                    ii.   Plea of Unconstitutionality - Review

                          by way of Exceptio............................. 116

              cc. Effects of the Decisions of the

                    Court of Constitution............................... 118

IV. LAW MAKING POWERS.................................. 118

§ 4 - THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORGAN -

THE ADMINISTRATION

I.    THE INSTITUTION............................................ 121

      1.     An Overview.................................................. 121

      2.     Historical Development.................................. 124

II. THE ORGANISATION OF THE 

      ADMINISTRATIVE ORGAN............................ 127

      1.     The Legal Basis............................................... 127

      2.     The Central Administration............................ 129

          a.       The Principal Administration.................... 129

          b. The Provincial Administration........................ 129

      3.     De-Centralised Administration....................... 130

          a.       Local Administrations.............................. 130

          b. Functionally De-Centralised Organisations.... 131

          c. Public Professional Organisations................... 132

III. PUBLIC POWER................................................ 133

      1. In General........................................................... 133

      2. Rule Making Powers of the Administration....... 135

      3. Judicial Review................................................... 136

          a. Claims Action................................................. 139

                        b. Annulment Action 139